These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Alberta Education. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. No Way! 4. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. What role does school climate play in student socialization? They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). 2007). What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). The school setting now begins to take on some of the roles that previously only family members fulfilledbut in markedly different ways. What group(s) were you in? Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. 9. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. What is streaming? Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Give examples of how each works. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. 2. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. They were also more likely to be married. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). 7. 2004). Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). How do they contribute to student socialization? Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Goths, skaters, punks, headbangers, and emos are all names given to groups that have been found within adolescent peer groups in schools, all of which are oriented around particular tastes in music and fashion. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. 2010). How do students learn gender at school? Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). WebInterests. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Benefits. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice.

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