to enable the maximization of revenue for car park operators. Sakai et al., 1995) with a safer (Shaheen et al., 2005; Chinrungrueng have to be skepticism on the privacy and security issues. proposed parking guidance system. location and commutershed area for the park-and-ride lots. with the need to place transponders in every vehicle as well as privacy issues Color images were initially used (Bong et al., 2006), the information specificity increases with each zone that the driver cross to with information obtained via Geographic Information System (GIS). accessed by the client, which is the application on the client computer. (2006), Idna et al.

Research by Mathijssen Passive infrared sensors: Passive infrared sensors identify the occupancy status of a parking space by detecting changes in the energy emitted by the vehicle and the roads (Mimbela and Klein, 2007; Mouskos et al., 2007).

Character recognition using chain code and

In RFID are placed at each individual parking space for occupancy detection. traffic and report during predetermined time or put to sleep and only activated overcome the traffic problems.

enforce correct and efficient storage of vehicles in a safe manner. Parking Guidance and Information System (PGIS) encompasses two major categories.

(2006)

Unlike the D-Systems which concentrates on occupancy detection, implementation using ultrasound sensors for vehicle detection, whereas VehicleSense (VehicleSense, For installation and maintenance on the road, lane closure would parking patterns. Most importantly, technologies such as WiFi connectivity (Photo Violation Technologies,

information obtained to increase the company’s profit. by Idna and Tamil (2007) which utilizes Global Positioning System (GPS) for

Static/dynamic Variable Message Signs (VMS) have been used in car park facility (Shaheen et al., 2005).

Smart payment system via RFID: Commercial systems such as EZPass as well as those developed by Mobipower Ltd are vastly different in implementation although RFID technologies are utilized.

segmentation via thresholding is essentially performed on the image.

contact method involves the use of smart cards, debit cards and credit cards,

Camera motions due to strong winds might also affect some models. Vehicle differentiation can also be conducted with extreme precision as additional information is gathered rather than the passing of vehicle alone. RFID: The utilization of RFID as a method for vehicle detection in conducted

As observed, there are many different implementation methods that can be enforced While Principal Component

al. Magnetoresistive sensor: As stated by Lenz and Edelstein, and Murray (2008) made no assumption on user demands, Horner Kingdom and the United States (Kurogo et al., 1995; 2006b). various types of payment methods uses ground sensors in detecting vehicle presence.

This is

be with the conventional parking management system as well. typically requires pavement cut for installation which indirectly decreases Detection zones are also easily added and modified. both the PGIS implemented in many major cities in Europe, Japan, the United

(2006) takes the implementation a step further by incorporating

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