The True Cost of Incarceration on Families. She was committed to economic justice for all people and once said, “People cannot be free until there is enough work in this land to give everybody a job.”. She was named director of branches in 1943,[19] and became the NAACP's highest-ranking woman. He was the organization's executive secretary from 1931 to 1955. "She didn't say, 'Don't let Martin Luther King tell you what to do,'" Bond remembers, "but you got the real feeling that that's what she meant.

Her emphasis on a grassroots approach to the struggle for equal rights influenced the growth and success of the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century. She helped initiate voter registration campaigns and identify other local grievances. For instance, the Students for a Democratic Society, the major antiwar group of the day, promoted participatory democracy. [7], As a child, Baker grew up with little influence. In her address at Shaw, she warned the activists to be wary of "leader-centered orientation." She was unsettled politically, physically, and emotionally. Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Atlanta), Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston), Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco, Martin Luther King Jr. Mexico City statue. Her grandmother was beaten and whipped for refusing to marry another slave her owner chose,[10] and told Ella stories of life as an African-American woman during this period. It combined the traditional appeal of democracy with an innovative tie to broader grass roots participation. Her defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. [24] In 1953 she resigned from the presidency to run for the New York City Council on the Liberal Party ticket, but was unsuccessful. Baker left the SCLC after the Greensboro sit-ins. Baker became the NAACP's national director of branches in 1943, though she stepped down from the role three years later to take over care of her niece, Jackie Brockington. During her time with the SCLC, Baker organized the event that led to the creation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. Learn more about Baker’s life and work. She believed they could revitalize the Black Freedom Movement and take it in a new direction. When MFDP delegates challenged the pro-segregationist, all-white official delegation, a major conflict ensued. G. J. Barker Benfield and Catherine Clinton, eds., This page was last edited on 21 September 2020, at 19:39. Growing up in North Carolina, she developed a sense for social justice early on, due in part to her grandmother’s stories about life under slavery.

[43], She was a teacher and mentor to the young people of SNCC, influencing such important future leaders as Julian Bond, Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Curtis Muhammad, Bob Moses, and Bernice Johnson Reagon. In 1964 SNCC helped create Freedom Summer, an effort to focus national attention on Mississippi’s racism and to register black voters. [12] Having befriended Schuyler, Baker joined his group in 1931 and soon became its national director.

[48] Federal civil rights legislation was passed by Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and 1965, but implementation took years. "[41], In 1961 Baker persuaded the SNCC to form two wings: one wing for direct action and the second wing for voter registration.

[citation needed], Between 1944 and 1946, Baker directed leadership conferences in several major cities, such as Chicago and Atlanta. [citation needed], Baker also supported the Puerto Rican independence movement and spoke out against apartheid in South Africa. She wanted to assist the new student activists because she viewed young, emerging activists as a resource and an asset to the movement. Her grandmother’s pride and resilience in the face of racism and injustice continued to inspire Ms. Baker throughout her life.

[27], The SCLC first appeared publicly as an organization at the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. In 1957, Baker moved to Atlanta to help organize Martin Luther King’s new organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). She once said that the "movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement." She was the second of three surviving children, bracketed by her older brother Blake Curtis and younger sister Maggie. [11], Ella attended Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, and graduated with valedictorian honors. Ella Fitzgerald, known as the "First Lady of Song" and "Lady Ella," was an immensely popular American jazz and song vocalist who interpreted much of the Great American Songbook.

[26] The group wanted to emphasize the use of nonviolent actions to bring about social progress and racial justice for southern blacks.

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