The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was established to challenge the all-white Democratic Party of the Solid South. They also took advantage of new railroads sponsored by the state.[42]. [76][77] In the 1980 census 656,371 Mississippians of a total of 1,946,775 identified as being of English ancestry, making them 38% of the state at the time. Democratic whites were well armed and formed paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts to suppress black voting. In 1819 the United States completed the purchase of West Florida and all of East Florida in the Adams–Onís Treaty, and in 1822 both were merged into the Florida Territory. "[144] This religious test restriction was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Torcaso v. Watkins (1961). Essentially, many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities, in many cases donating land and/or labor to build such schools. After World War II, African-American veterans returned with renewed commitment to be treated as full citizens of the United States and increasingly organized to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights.

It is lowest among the 50 states in per capita income, at a mere $26,908 (2006), but it also has the country's lowest cost of living. The Chinese first came to Mississippi as contract workers from Cuba and California in the 1870s, and they originally worked as laborers on the cotton plantations. The first six states to secede were those with the highest number of slaves. In the 1990s those voters shifted their allegiance to the Republican Party, first for national and then for state offices. Largely due to the domination of the plantation economy, focused on the production of agricultural cotton, the state's elite was reluctant to invest in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Those of the Mississippian culture were the largest and most complex, constructed beginning about 950 AD. Many Mississippians of such ancestry identify simply as American on questionnaires, because their families have been in North America for centuries. [15] Two bands of historical prairie, the Jackson Prairie and the Black Belt, run northwest to southeast in the middle and northeastern part of the state. Due to such migration, there was rapid growth in the number of Protestant churches, especially Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist.[88]. "[64], After having accounted for a majority of the state's population since well before the Civil War and through the 1930s, today African Americans constitute approximately 37 percent of the state's population. Changes to the labor structure and an agricultural depression throughout the South caused severe losses in wealth. [86] English is largely Southern American English, with some South Midland speech in northern and eastern Mississippi. [110], The study stressed that "obesity starts in early childhood extending into the adolescent years and then possibly into adulthood".

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