The production of 39 billion liters a year, to meet a mere 5% of US transportation fuel needs, is currently unsustainable from a water requirement perspective. [111], As the primary source of biofuels in North America, many organizations are conducting research in the area of ethanol production. Several groups in various sectors are conducting research on Jatropha curcas, a poisonous shrub-like tree that produces seeds considered by many to be a viable source of biofuels feedstock oil. Further, successful sequestration is dependent on planting sites, as the best soils for sequestration are those that are currently low in carbon. Present biofuels use materials that could be used for food production. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. In another form, the biocatalysts’ role is to produce simple fuels such as hydrogen or methane from biochemicals such as sugars. "BIOGAS: No bull, manure can power your farm." Craig Shimasaki PhD, MBA, in Biotechnology Entrepreneurship, 2014. Whitaker, J., Field, J. L., Bernacchi, C. J., Cerri, C. E., Ceulemans, R., Davies, C. A., DeLucia, E. H., Donnison, I. S., McCalmont, J. P., Paustian, K., Rowe, R. L., Smith, P., Thornley, P. and McNamara, N. P. (2018), Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use. We will not be addressing these in this chapter. Tremendous entrepreneurial activity to develop and commercialize drop-in biofuels from aquatic and terrestrial feedstocks has taken place over the past several years. see "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol". Farmers Guardian (25 September 2009): 12. Biodiesel is readily biodegradable. Seaweed farms are combining with offshore windmills.

Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zymomonas mobilis are recognized as the most promising microorganisms for industrial biofuel production (Dien et al., 2003). The growing interest in searching for bio-based alternative energy resources, biocompatible batteries for biomedical electronics and environmentally friendly portable energy devices are spurring a new wave of biofuel cell development.

The environmental effects are driven by this land use change while the economic effects led to rising global prices in the crops that were substituted for these newly developed biofuel croplands. […] The assumption that annual cropland provides greater potential for soil carbon sequestration than grassland appears to be over‐simplistic, but there is an opportunity to improve predictions of soil carbon sequestration potential using information on the initial soil carbon stock as a stronger predictor of ∆C [change in carbon amount] than prior land use.» Biofuel has been rapidly growing, and in 2010, the total quantity of biofuels produced was over 100 billion liters. Escherichia coli strains have also been successfully engineered to produce butanol by modifying their amino acid metabolism. The resulting product is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with a high cetane number, low in aromatics and sulfur and does not contain oxygen.

This is mostly due to the fact that the performance of biofuel cells, in terms of power density, lifetime, and operational stability, falls far below that of chemical fuel cells.

Early observations of electricity generation from glucose and other organic compounds in the presence of microbes dates back to the early 1900's [1, 2]. Proposed future biofuels—second-generation biofuels—would instead use waste materials.
Pure biodiesel (B100, also known as "neat" biodiesel) currently reduces emissions with up to 60% compared to diesel Second generation B100. Chemically, it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) esters (FAMEs). Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (E100), but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Reducing uncertainties in ∆C [carbon increase or decrease] following LUC [land use change] is therefore more important than refining N2O [nitrous oxide] emission estimates (Berhongaray et al., 2017). Brinkman, N. et al., "Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Advanced/Vehicle Systems", 2005.

In addition, the intensive use of monocropping agriculture requires large amounts of water irrigation, as well as of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. [23] A self-published article by Michael Briggs, at the UNH Biofuels Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all vehicular fuel with biofuels by using algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50%, which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater treatment plants. More research on this fungal species, Cunninghamella japonica, and others, is likely to appear in the near future. Whereas first generation biofuels are made from the sugars and vegetable oils found in arable crops, second generation biofuels are made from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste plant material (from food crops that have already fulfilled their food purpose).

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