CYP2C9 is also present in the intestines and is involved in the metabolism of orally ingested SCs whereas CYP1A2 is present in the lungs and involved in the metabolism of smoked SCs.

For analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in urine, it is very important to note that the target compounds must be metabolites, at least for the JWH compounds.

This is the largest group of chemicals monitored by the EU EWS. Unfortunately you can’t use Skype for orders, because it isn’t safety. A list of all synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and related substances (eg, cannabinoid receptor allosteric modulators) reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) per year, from 2008 until Sep. 2014 (EMCDDA-Europol, 2009–2014). Unexpectedly, subjects without direct contact to drug material also showed measurable hair concentrations. This is in line with the findings of other authors who were able to identify numerous metabolites of JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-250 or AB-001 in authentic human urine, but not the respective parent drugs [11,68,150,154,155]. Sample #4 was positive to several SC, of which two (JWH-073 and JWH-122) were present at high concentrations, but no metabolites were detected. In one case, interested potential users were offered instructions in how to make their own smoking blend. Owing to the fact that the hydroxylated metabolites of JWH-018 [91,150,153], JWH-073 [91,150,153], JWH-250 [11] were found to be excreted in conjugated form to a very high percentage, it further seems essential to include a conjugate cleavage step when analysing urine samples for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Results for hair and washing solution are shown in Table 11.8. For these cases, frequent exposure to SC can be suggested, even though no metabolites were found. Recently, the first results from a comprehensive screening of metabolites on a large group of subjects were presented [74]. The instructions continued, “Now this is the most dangerous part. Therefore, results about JWH-018 N-5-OH levels in hair might be inconclusive without a comprehensive screening of the most popular SC, including AM-2201. The concentration of 5F-AMB was only 0.3 ng/mL. In contrast CP 47,497, its C8 homologue and HU-210 showed small to moderate degradation of 9 to 14% that was similar at both storage conditions.

In real samples, JWH-018, JWH-018 N-5-OH M, JWH-018 N-COOH M, JWH-073, JWH-073 N-COOH M, AM-2201, AM-2201 N-4-OH M, AM-2201 N-6-OH indole M, JWH-122, JWH-122 N-5-OH M, and MAM-2201 were simultaneously or individually detected.

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