The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. Central (from Latin centralis) describes something close to the centre. So we can say that the rectus abdominus is superficial to the external obliques, and the external obliques are superficial to the internal obliques, etc. Read our, Medically reviewed by Stuart Hershman, MD, Medically reviewed by Laura Campedelli, PT, DPT, Medically reviewed by Jonathan Cluett, MD, Verywell Health uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin: dexter, lit. Find more opposite words at wordhippo.com!

In what is seen as the likeliest ancestral arrangement of the eyes of the Araneae, there are two roughly parallel, horizontal, symmetrical, transverse rows of eyes, each containing two symmetrically placed pairs, respectively called: anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE) and (PLE); and anterior and posterior median eyes (AME) and (PME). [4] Thus, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position. A deep wound is going to penetrate far below the surface of the skin! [4], Deep (from Old English) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. Humans, however, have the rare property of having an upright torso.

It can equally refer to muscles, bones, organs, and more. Why does the narrowing of the arteries decrease blood flow but increase blood pressure? Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as radioulnar.

Organisms that are attached to a substrate, such as sponges, or some animal-like protists also have distinctive ends. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, literally meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, literally meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. Such terms sometimes used to be hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen. Aurelia aurita, another species of jellyfish, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes, The sea star Porania pulvillus, aboral and oral surfaces, Two specialized terms are useful in describing views of arachnid legs and pedipalps. For example, a view of an animal from an aspect at once dorsal and lateral might be called a "dorsolateral" view; and the effect of dorsolateral flattening in an organism such as a krait gives its body a triangular cross section. Similarly, a perpendicular transverse axis can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. How to Self-Massage Your Trapezius Muscle, Surgical Site Infections Following Spine Surgery: Eliminating the Controversies in the Diagnosis. (The opposite is lateral.) [4] Fields such as osteology, palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca, meaning 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. These terms are used to avoid confusion when describing the median surface of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface – "anterior" can be used to describe the palm of the hand, and "posterior" can be used to describe the back of the hand and arm. Shallow is the opposite of deep when referring to spatial depth or penetration. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.. All vertebrates, including humans, have the same basic body plan: they are strictly bilaterally symmetrical in early embryonic stages and largely bilaterally symmetrical in adulthood.

They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the uterus.[44][45].

Superficial (from Latin superficies, meaning 'surface') describes something near the outer surface of the organism.

As a second example, in humans, the neck is superior to the chest but inferior to the head. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body.

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