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Triglycerides (1) are reacted with an alcohol such as ethanol (2) to give ethyl esters of fatty acids (3) and glycerol (4): The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol. 2012;134:16948–50. 2016;89:332–8. Bioresour Technol. Shuli Yan, Manhoe Kim, Steve O. Salley, John Wilson, and K. Y. Simon Ng ; National Biofuels Energy Laboratory ; NextEnergy/Wayne State University Here we discuss catalytic esterification and transesterification solutions to the clean synthesis of biodiesel, the most readily implemented and low cost, alternative source of transportation fuels to meet future societal demands. Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, Kates M. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil:1. 2008;99:1716–21. Biodiesel is considered as a substitute for fossil-based diesel fuels because of its renewability and environmental friendliness. Zuo D, Lane J, Culy D, Schultz M, Pullar A, Waxman M. Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 catalysts for biodiesel production. Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. This involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol). 2003;90:229–40. This chapter reviews the synthesis of biodiesel via simultaneous (trans)esterification catalyzed by mixed metal oxides, acidic ionic liquids, carbon-based solid acids, magnetic solid acids and hybrid solid acids.

J Am Chem Soc. 2014;114:819–26. Some properties of biodiesel are different from those of fossil diesel and for correct low temperature behaviour and for slowing down oxidation processes biodiesel requires a different set of additives than fossil diesel. Zhang H, Zhou Q, Chang F, Pan H, Liu XF, Li H, DY H, Yang S. Production and fuel properties of biodiesel from. Main-chain organic frameworks with advanced catalytic functionalities. Biodiesel synthesis from the esterification of free fatty acids and alcohol catalyzed by long-chain Brønsted acid ionic liquid. 2015;7:441–9. High temperatures and pressures are required, but energy costs of production are similar or less than catalytic production routes. Chang B, Li Y, Guo Y, Yang B. 2012;14:2273–81. J Mol Catal A-Chem. Madhuvilakku R, Piraman S. Biodiesel synthesis by TiO, de Almeida RM, Noda LK, Gonçalves NS, Meneghetti SMP, Meneghetti MR. Transesterification reaction of vegetable oils, using superacid sulfated TiO, Zhou HB, Cao Y, Li J. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. However, biodiesel produced from other sources or by other methods may require acid catalysis, which is much slower.

The presence of water causes undesirable base hydrolysis, so the reaction must be kept dry. Bioresour Technol. E-mail: a.f.lee@aston.ac.uk; Tel: +44 (0)121 2044036. Therefore, the smaller the droplet size the larger the surface area the faster the catalyst can react.

Konwar LJ, Boro J, Deka D. Review on latest developments in biodiesel production using carbon-based catalysts.

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